Selenium

A framework for automated browser control: functional testing, UI automation, web interaction, scraping-like tasks (within legal/ethical limits).

WebDriver

A Python object that controls the browser.

Examples:

• webdriver.Firefox()
• webdriver.Chrome()

Driver Executable (geckodriver, chromedriver)

A small binary that sits between Selenium and the browser.

• Required for automation.
• Modern Selenium (4.6+) can download it via Selenium Manager automatically.
• Or you can use webdriver-manager, which installs the driver in your user directory, with no sudo needed.

Locators

Methods for identifying elements in the DOM.

Common locator strategies:

• By.ID
• By.NAME
• By.CLASS_NAME
• By.CSS_SELECTOR
• By.XPATH

Interacting with Elements

Typical operations:

• .click()
• .send_keys("text")
• .text
• .get_attribute("href")

Waits

Because modern websites load dynamically, timing matters.

Implicit Wait: Driver waits up to N seconds for each search.

driver.implicitly_wait(10)

Explicit Wait: Wait for a specific condition (recommended).

WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(...)

Page Object Model (POM) — Concept Only

A design pattern:

• Each page is represented by a Python class.
• Contains locators + methods that perform actions on that page.
• Makes test code cleaner and easier to maintain.

Selenium mini example

Create a virtual environment:

python3 -m venv ~/venvs/selenium-env
source ~/venvs/selenium-env/bin/activate

Install required packages (user-level only):

pip install --upgrade pip
pip install selenium webdriver-manager

No sudo → the driver binaries will be stored under your user folder.

The next example:

• Opens Firefox/Chrome
• Navigates to DuckDuckGo
• Performs a search
• Prints the title + URL of the first result

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
from webdriver_manager.firefox import GeckoDriverManager
# For Chrome use:
# from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

from selenium.webdriver.firefox.service import Service as FirefoxService
# For Chrome:
# from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC


def main():
    # --- 1. Driver setup (downloaded into user directory) ---
    service = FirefoxService(GeckoDriverManager().install())
    # Chrome:
    # service = ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install())

    driver = webdriver.Firefox(service=service)
    # Chrome:
    # driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)

    try:
        # --- 2. Navigate to page ---
        driver.get("https://duckduckgo.com")

        # --- 3. Locate search box ---
        search_box = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q")

        # --- 4. Perform search ---
        search_box.send_keys("Selenium Python tutorial")
        search_box.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)

        # --- 5. Explicit wait for results ---
        wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
        first_result = wait.until(
            EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "a.result__a"))
        )

        # --- 6. Output result ---
        print("First result title:", first_result.text)
        print("First result link:", first_result.get_attribute("href"))

    finally:
        driver.quit()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Selenium + Cucumber

Project structure:

selenium-cucumber-demo/
│
├── features/
│   ├── search.feature
│   └── steps/
│       └── search_steps.py
│
└── pages/
    └── search_page.py

Install Dependencies (no sudo)

python3 -m venv ~/venvs/behave-env
source ~/venvs/behave-env/bin/activate

pip install behave selenium webdriver-manager

Create: features/search.feature

Feature: DuckDuckGo Search
  As a user
  I want to search for information
  So that I can see the first result

Scenario: Search for a term
  Given I open DuckDuckGo
  When I search for "Selenium Python tutorial"
  Then the first result should be visible

This defines the behavior in plain English (Cucumber style).

Create: pages/search_page.py

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC


class DuckDuckGoPage:
    URL = "https://duckduckgo.com"

    SEARCH_BOX = (By.NAME, "q")
    FIRST_RESULT = (By.CSS_SELECTOR, "a.result__a")

    def __init__(self, driver):
        self.driver = driver

    def open(self):
        self.driver.get(self.URL)

    def search(self, text):
        box = self.driver.find_element(*self.SEARCH_BOX)
        box.send_keys(text)
        box.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)

    def wait_for_first_result(self, timeout=10):
        wait = WebDriverWait(self.driver, timeout)
        return wait.until(
            EC.presence_of_element_located(self.FIRST_RESULT)
        )

Create: features/steps/search_steps.py

from behave import given, when, then
from selenium import webdriver
from webdriver_manager.firefox import GeckoDriverManager
# For Chrome:
# from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

from selenium.webdriver.firefox.service import Service as FirefoxService
from pages.search_page import DuckDuckGoPage


@given("I open DuckDuckGo")
def step_open_duckduckgo(context):
    service = FirefoxService(GeckoDriverManager().install())  # no sudo
    context.driver = webdriver.Firefox(service=service)
    context.page = DuckDuckGoPage(context.driver)
    context.page.open()


@when('I search for "{query}"')
def step_search(context, query):
    context.page.search(query)


@then("the first result should be visible")
def step_first_result_visible(context):
    result = context.page.wait_for_first_result()
    assert result is not None
    print("First result:", result.text)
    context.driver.quit()

This code:

• Starts Firefox via WebDriverManager (no sudo)
• Opens DuckDuckGo
• Performs a search
• Waits for the first result
• Asserts that the result exists and prints it
• Closes the browser

Running Cucumber Tests:

behave

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Utolsó frissítés: 2025-11-30 17:10:14